Skin Microhemodynamics and Mechanisms of Its Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The review presents modern ideas about peripheral microhemodynamics, approaches to the ana-lysis of skin blood flow oscillations and their diagnostic significance. Disorders of skin microhemodynamics in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the possibility of their interpretation from the standpoint of external and internal interactions between systems of skin blood flow regulation, based on a comparison of couplings in normal and pathological conditions, including models of pathologies on animals, are considered. The factors and mechanisms of vasomotor regulation, among them receptors and signaling events in endothelial and smooth muscle cells considered as models of microvessels are discussed. Attention was drawn to the disturbance of Ca2+-dependent regulation of coupling between vascular cells and NO-dependent regulation of vasodilation in diabetes mellitus. The main mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 DM are considered to be a defect in the number of insulin receptors and impaired signal transduction from the receptor to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and downstream targets. Reactive oxygen species plays an important role in vascular dysfunction in hyperglycemia. It is assumed that the considered molecular and cellular mechanisms of microhemodynamics regulation are involved in the formation of skin blood flow oscillations. Parameters of skin blood microcirculation can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for assessing the state of the body.

Mechanisms of ERK phosphorylation triggered via mouse formyl peptide receptor 2.

Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are expressed in the cells of the innate immune system and provide binding with pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns with subsequent activation of the phagocytes for defense reactions such as chemotaxis, secretory degranulation and ROS generation. Probably, FPR2 is one of the unique receptors in the organism; it is able to recognize numerous ligands of different chemical structure, and moreover, these ligands can trigger opposite phagocyte responses promoting either pro- or anti-inflammatory reactions. Therefore, FPR2 and its signaling pathways are of intense research interest. We found only slight activation of ERK1/2 in the response to peptide ligand WKYMVM in the accelerating phase of ROS generation and more intense ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the declining phase of it in mouse bone marrow granulocytes. Lipid agonist BML-111 did not induce significant ERK phosphorylation when applied for 10-1800 s. To some extent co-localization of ERK1/2 and NADPH oxidase subunits was observed even in the intact cells and didn't change under FPR2 stimulation by WKYMVM, while direct PKC activation by PMA resulted to more efficient interaction between ERK1/2 and p47phox/p67phox and their translocation to plasma membrane. We have shown that phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 in bone marrow granulocytes depended on FPR2-triggered activity of PI3K and PKC, phosphatase DUSP6, and, the most but not the least, on ROS generation. Since blocking of ROS generation led to a slowdown of ERK activation indicating a significant contribution of ROS to the secondary regulation of ERK activity.

[Functional activity of the brain depending on the degree of severity occupational noise-induced hearing loss]. / Funktsional'naya aktivnost' golovnogo mozga v zavisimosti ot stepeni vyrazhennosti professional'noi neirosensornoi tugoukhosti.

Research objective identification of the peculiarities of indicators of audiological examination, registration of somatosensory induced potentials (SSSP), level of constant potential (LCP) and neuropsychological testing in persons of flight composition (LLS) of civil aviation exposed to intra-cabin noise, depending on the degree of expression of professional neurosensory noise (ONIHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thresholds of acoustical sensitivity, levels of perception of shepotny, informal conversation, UPP, characteristic of SSVP, neuropsychological features at 45 patients with easy degree of PNST (LONIHL) and at 50 - with moderate degree of ONIHL (UONIHL) are studied. RESULTS: LCP in the left frontal (Fs), central dark (Pz) leads increased in persons with ONIHL, and the inter-peak interval of the N13-N20 characterizing the central conduct time increased. The FAB, unlike the LONIHL, is characterized by deterioration of cognitive activity in the form of easily pronounced decrease of visual memory functions, expressive speech, FAB scale value indicating priority dysfunction of frontal, dark-occipital lobes, subcortical cerebral structures. CONCLUSION: Neurofunctional markers in UONIHL are the reduction of the indicators of the interfamily relations on the frontal department, conceptual thinking, visual image memory, expressive speech, MMSE and FAB tests, the increase of LCP in the left temporal, central dark, occipital right central N13-N20, inter-peak N25.

[Influence of ambient air pollutants released by metallurgic enterprises on public].

State of ambient air in resident area in Norilsk city, on background of considerable and persistently high releases of chemical pollutants by major metallurgic industrial enterprises, forms risks for public health--that is supported by highly prevalent diseases of affected organs and systems in the city residents. Preserving sanitary epidemiologic well-being of this territory requires specification and implementation of hygienic, organizational, social measures to protect population dwelling in unfavorable regions.

[Disequilibrium distribution of genotypes in the pairs of isozyme loci in the pine populations of the forest-steppe regions of Siberia].

We performed an analysis of linkage disequilibrium of alleles of 15 allozyme loci in 35 populations of Scots pine in the Siberian part of the range between 50° and 56° N and 79° and 107° E. We found a significant deviation in the distribution of genotypes of 1­9 pairs of loci in the investigated samples. We established correlations between frequencies of certain pairs of linked loci with ecological conditions and geographical coordinates of habitats of the pine populations. We present the results of comparative analysis of the differences in certain morphological features of trees with significantly predominant genotypes for pairs of linked loci in three isolated populations: in the south of Krasnoyarsk krai, Khakassia, and Tuva.

[Effects of the Airway Obstruction on the Skin Microcirculation in Patients with Bronchial Asthma].

Background: Pulmonary hemodynamic disorders depend on the inflammatory phases and severity of the obstructive syndrome. However, the effect of asthma bronchial obstruction on the state of peripheral hemodynamics remains insufficiently known. Aims: To study the effects of airway obstruction on skin blood flow parameters and its regulatory systems in patients with persistent atopic bronchial asthma in the remission state. Materials and Methods: A comparative study of the skin peripheral blood flow in patients with bronchial asthma with severe airway obstruction (1st group) and without obstruction (2nd group) was conducted. 20 patients with confirmed diagnosis of atopic asthma of 50­74 years old participated in the study. All patients received basic therapy in a constant dosing of high doses of inhaled glucocorticosteroids/long-acting beta-2-agonists. The control group included 20 healthy volunteers without evidence of bronchial obstruction. The study lasted for 3 months. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was used to evaluate the bronchial obstruction by spirometry technique. Skin blood perfusion changes were recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry at rest and in response to short-term local ischemia. Registered peripheral blood flow signals were examined using the amplitude temporal filtering in five frequency intervals to identify the functional features of the peripheral blood flow regulation systems. Results: Consistent two-fold decrease of the oscillation amplitudes was found in the neurogenic interval at rest (p=0.031), as well as in the myogenic (p=0.043; p=0.031) and endothelial intervals (p=0.037; p≤0.001) both at rest and during the postocclusive reactive hyperemia respectively in the 1st group of patients with bronchial obstruction (FEV1 <80%) compared with the control group. No significant changes were revealed for skin blood flow parameters in the 2nd patient group (without obstruction, FEV1 >80%) in comparison to control subjects. Conclusions: The presence of bronchial obstruction has a significant impact on the changes of the amplitudes of skin blood flow oscillations in patients with bronchial asthma in the myogenic, neurogenic and endothelial intervals.

Identification of toxic Cyanobacteria in Lake Baikal.

Cyanobacteria of the genera Anabaena and Microcystis, containing genes for the synthesis of-microcystins (hepatotoxic cyanotoxins) were found for the first time in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal near-the village of Turka, where a tourism and recreational complex were constructed. According to the enzyme-immunoassay, microcystin concentration in water was 0.17 ± 0.01 µg/L. Using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, we found 3936 sequences in the eubacterial community of central basin of Lake Baikal. The summer bacterioplankton in both littoral and pelagic areas of the lake was dominated by the phylum Cyanobacteria, whereas a higher diversity of cyanobacteria was recorded in the plankton of the littoral zone. Moreover, the-potentially toxic Anabaena and Microcystis were detected in this area.

[SMOKING PREVALENCE AND RISK FOR THE SMOKING- RELATED LOSS OF HEALTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE KRASNOIARSK KRAI].

There are presented data on the consumption of tobacco in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the context of age-sex and social groups. Representatives of the workers specialties, students were shown to smoke more frequently, men smoke 2 times more often than women. For the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there were evaluated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for the loss of health, related with the factor of tobacco smoking. The significant portion of residents was established to accept tobacco smoking. The lack of a purposeful policy on the formation of the image of a non-smoker does as not only increase the interest in this bad habit from the part of young people as well determined the early age of the beginning of smoking, but also stimulates the continuation of smoking in an older age. The measures aimed at the reduction or cessation of smoking: education the population and informing about the dangers of smoking, promotion of healthy lifestyles; offensive disciplinary, civil, administrative responsibility; measures aimed on the increase in the cost, the provision of (free) medical care aimed at the treatment of tobacco dependence.

[ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS FOR THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF NORIL'SK].

There are presented data on the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, the actual morbidity rate ofthe population of the city of Norilsk of the Krasnoyarsk Krai in relation with atmospheric air pollution by chemical substances. Contamination of the ambient air by harmful substances is shown to cause the formation of the unacceptable risks to the population's health. There are established relationships described by the equation of pair correlation between the air pollution indices and morbidity rates of the population. There are determined the proportions of the contributions of enterprises and atmospheric pollutants in the formation of children morbidity. There are detected priority ambient air contaminants for a substantiation of programs of preventive measures.

[COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE MULTIMEDIA CANCER HEALTH RISKS CAUSED BY CONTAMINATION OF THE KRASNOIARSK KRAI REGIONS' ENVIRONMENT].

Krasnoyarsk Krai is a region with developed mining and processing industries, notoriously known industries, as sources of carcinogenic emission. For 55 administrative units of the Krai 303 large enterprises' industrial emissions were preliminary prioritized and their location was designated. Only 52% out of the carcinogens emitted into the ambient air by industries were controlled, in other environments the figures ranged from 20% (soil, food) to 48% (drinking water), 10 carcinogens were not controlled in the environment at all. Based on the results of ranking carcinogenic emission and analysis of the carcinogens monitoring in the environment in 2007-2011 31 substances were selected. A comparative analysis of multiple environmental carcinogenic risks showed that 78% of the areas, based on the receipt ofcarcinogensfrom two media, and 80% ofthe areas taking into account the receipt ofcarcinogens from three media attributed to the alarming level of risk for population, that requires continuous monitoring and routine health interventions for its mitigation. The maximal multiple environmental risk values that took into account inputs from all sources were close to the upper boundary alarming level of risk, in Divnogorsk (7,80E-04), Norilsk (7,97 E-04), Krasnoyarsk (8,84E-04) and Achinsk (9,4 E-04). The greatest inputs to total individual cancer risk from polluted ambient air were made by benzene, chromium VI, formaldehyde and nickel, from drinking water--by arsenic, aldrin and heptachlor from soil--by arsenic and lead. The ambient air input into total multiple environmental carcinogenic risk ranged from 31.5 to 99.5%, drinking water input--from 0.5 to 68.5%, soil--up to 0.1%. Areas with maximum levels of total carcinogenic risk are characterized by the highest levels of average long-term indices of cancer development. The study discussed in this article has screening nature. Further in-depth researches for carcinogenic and toxic multimedia risks are required.

[The impact of the chemical factor on children's health with account of the early stages of ontogenesis].

The study was performed in three towns of the Irkutsk region. For the study the dependence of the "chemical load in the different periods of ontogeny--the health of children" there were formed 4 groups according to the place of the work of parents (wood chemical manufacturing, alumimum plant, petrochemical plant, chemical plant) and 2 control groups with account of the place of residence of children (in areas with high and with moderate levels of ambient air pollution). The rate of the primary morbidity and chronic pathology morbidity of the upper respiratory tract in children were established to be dependent on the direct and indirect (at the early stages of ontogeny) the impact of the chemical factor.

[Microsatellite Loci polymorphism of chloroplast DNA of the pine tree (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Asia and Eastern Europe].

The variability of four microsatellite loci of chloroplast DNA was studied in 38 populations of Pinus sylvestris in the European part of Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia and Mongolia. High variability was observed in all regions. In total, 152 haplotypes were identified. The level of population differentiation R(ST) was 2.1%. The differentiation of three geographical groups of populations (European, Siberian-Kazakhstan and Transbaikalian-Mongolian) was insignificant (R(CT) = 0.004%). At the same time, some rare haplotypes were found to be specific for a certain geographical region. Distribution of the rare haplotypes, which differentiated European populations from Asian populations and Mongolian and Transbaikalian populations from the Siberian, showed the independence of the history of these regions. This corresponds more to the hypothesis that the modern areal of Pinus sylvestris originated via settlement from many origins than to the hypothesized single center of the post-boulder-period of recolonization. The distribution of the pair differences between the individual specimens corresponded to the model of sudden population growth. The assessments of the age of this event for Pinus sylvestris (4.5-4.7 million years), which were obtained on the basis of this model, significantly exceeded the age of the quaternary period. Therefore, the revealed growth of populations is hardly due to the changes in flora related with the boulder-period, but rather mirrors the moment of the species formation.

[Application of immuno-biochemical indices for the identification of the chronic pathology of the upper respiratory tract].

A comprehensive survey of organized children aged 14-17 years residing in the industrial centers with moderate and high levels of air pollution was performed. On the base of the examination of otorhinolaryngologist in the each of cities there was selected the group of schoolchildren with chronic pathology of the upper respiratory tract at the stage of remission. In these groups there was performed the assessment of the informativeness of immuno-biochemical indices for the identification of pathology caused by the impact of man-made factors. The most informative (relative content of autoantibodies to ß2-glycoprotein-1, the average individual immunoreactivity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, level of α1-antitrypsin) were used in the mathematical model, on the based of which it was possible to calculate the diagnostic coefficient, allowing to identify in the groups observed by ourselves, chronic pathology of upper respiratory tract, formed under the influence of ambient air pollution. The above approach can be used in the formation groups for health promotion of children exposed to the negative impact.

[The indicators of local immunity of pharynx in adolescents with chronic pathology of upper respiratory ways residing in conditions of anthropogenic load].

The indicators of local immunity of pharynx in adolescents with chronic pathology of upper respiratory ways residing in conditions of higher level pollution of atmosphere air. It is established that under development of pathology against the background of impact of environmental factors increasing of levels of secretory immune globulin A and lactoferrin occur. It is established too that under chronic pathology of upper respiratory ways at the stage of remission in adolescents residing in conditions of higher level pollution ofatmosphere air inter-dependencies between factors of local defense (secretory immune globulin A and lysozyme) and aggregate microbial germination are damaged.

[Physiological features of skin ageing in human].

The issue deals with the actual problem of gerontology, notably physiological features of human skin ageing. In the present review the authors have considered the kinds of ageing, central factors, affected on the ageing process (ultraviolet radiation and oxidation stress), as well as the research guidelines of the ageing changes in the skin structure and fuctions: study of mechanical properties, microcirculation, pH and skin thickness. The special attention has been payed to the methods of assessment of skin blood flow, and to results of investigations of age features of peripheral microhemodynamics. The laser Doppler flowmetry technique - one of the modern, noninvasive and extensively used methods for the assessmant of skin blood flow microcirculation system has been expanded in the review. The main results of the study of the ageing changes of skin blood perfusion using this method has been also presented.

[Prevalence of the chronic respiratory tract pathology in teenagers: role of some factors].

Based on the medical examination data the prevalence of chronic diseases of respiratory tract in the teenagers in the industrial centers of East-Siberia has been studied. The prevalence in a group exposed to the high ambient air pollution was found to be 2.7 times higher than in the region with the moderate ambient air pollution level. The informativity of a factor of the environment, the lifestyle and the anamnesis may testify the high significance of the direct and the mediated inhalation chemical load informing the chronic pathology of a respiratory tract in the teenagers.

[Characteristics of chronic pathology development in the respiratory organs of teenagers in Angarsk].

The proportion of individuals with respiratory organ pathology among the teenagers is shown to be 38.9% in a large industrial town with high ambient air pollution. Among the persons with chronic pathology, the proportion of children with high inoculation is 1.4 times higher than that in healthy individuals. The frequency of hypersensitivity to domestic dust allergen was noted in more than one half of the examinees.

[Age features of the dynamics of the oscillation amplitudes of the peripheral skin blood flow during the postocclusive reactive hyperemia].

The study of age-related changes of peripheral microhemodynamics was performed by laser Doppler flowmetry in 60 healthy volunteers. To determine the reaction of the microvascular system in response to short-term ischemia an occlusion test was used. To study the dynamics of the oscillation amplitudes of the peripheral blood flow the time-amplitude analysis on the basis of continuous adaptive wavelet filtration was used. It was found that the amplitudes of the oscillation in the range of heart rate in each age group reached its maxima with a delay after the occlusion stopping, whereas in the range of respiratory rhythm such delay was not observed. It is assumed that the formation ofhyperemic response to short-term ischemia occurs due to the preferential effect of arterio-arteriolar level, and the dynamics of the amplitudes in the range of respiratory rhythm reflects the devastation ofvenular level after occlusion stop. The observed age-related decreases of the maximum amplitudes in the range of myogenic, neurogenic and endothelial rhythms in response to shortterm ischemia demonstrate an age reduction limits of the peripheral blood flow regulation by related systems.

[Identification of two cyanobacterial strains isolated from the Kotel'nikovskii hot spring of the Baikal rift].

Two cyanobacterial strains, Pseudanabaena sp. 0411 and Synechococcus sp. 0431, were isolated from a sample collected in the Kotel'nikovskii hot spring of the Baikal rift. According to the results of light and transmission electron microscopy, as well as of the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, these cyanobacteria were classified as Pseudanabaena sp. nov. and Synechococcus bigranulatus Skuja. The constructed phylogenetic tree shows that the studied strains are positioned in the clades of cyanobacteria isolated from hydrothermal vents of Asia and New Zealand, separately from marine and freshwater members of these genera, including those isolated from Lake Baikal.